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substantially all trade

  • 1 substantially all trade

    межд. эк. "по существу [в основном, практически\] вся торговля"* (условие, при выполнении которого таможенный союз или зона свободной торговли признаются соответствующими правилам ВТО: требует, чтобы значительная часть торговли между членами таможенного союза или зоны свободной торговли была либерализована; правила ВТО не определяют, что именно понимать под "практически всей торговлей"; на практике используются два критерия: либерализация по крайней мере 80-90% объема торговли в стоимостном выражении или либерализация, которая охватывает все основные сектора; при первом подходе торговля сельскохозяйственной продукцией часто выпадает из определения "практически всей торговли", что дает странам-участникам таможенного союза или зоны свободной торговли возможность продолжать ограничивать взаимную торговлю сельхозпродукцией, но одновременно поддерживать свободную взаимную торговлю в других отраслях, не распространяя ее на других членов ВТО; определение "практически всей торговли" является предметом переговоров в рамках Дохийского раунда)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > substantially all trade

  • 2 substantial sectoral coverage

    межд. эк. существенный [значительный\] охват секторов* (по правилам ВТО соблюдение этого критерия требуется, чтобы соглашение об экономической интеграции в области торговли услугами было изъято из-под требований о распространении режима наибольшего благоприятствования на не участвующие в нем страны; понятие "существенный" не определено в правилах ВТО, но считается, что охват секторов торговли услугами в соглашении об интеграции может быть признано существенным, если соглашение распространяется на большое количество секторов, осуществляющих большой объем торговли услугами с использованием всех четырех основных способов поставки услуг)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > substantial sectoral coverage

  • 3 edición

    f.
    1 edition, release, emission, issue.
    2 editing, revision, correction, edit.
    * * *
    1 (ejemplares) edition
    2 (publicación) publication; (de sellos) issue
    3 INFORMÁTICA editing
    \
    edición anotada annotated text
    edición de bolsillo pocket edition
    edición en rústica paperback edition
    edición pirata pirate edition
    primera edición first edition
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) publication, issue; (=industria) publishing; (Inform) editing

    edición electrónica — (=creación) electronic publishing; (=texto) electronic edition

    2) [de libro] edition

    "al cerrar la edición" — (Tip) "stop-press"

    edición económica — cheap edition, popular edition

    edición viva — edition in print, available edition

    3) pl ediciones (=editorial)
    4) (=celebración)
    * * *
    1) (Impr, Period) ( tirada) edition; ( acción) publication
    2) (Rad, TV) program*, edition
    3) (frml) (de certamen, curso)
    * * *
    = edition, issue, publishing, release, issuance.
    Ex. An edition is all those copies of an item either produced from substantially the same type image or embodying essentially the same content and issued by the same entity.
    Ex. An issue is all those copies of an edition forming a distinct group that is distinguished from other copies of the edition by more or less slight but well-defined variations.
    Ex. It embodied programmes in secretarial studies, publishing, office management and graphic design.
    Ex. New releases of existing products should often be considered to be unproven.
    Ex. The date of publication must be inferred from the date of issuance or coverage on a periodical.
    ----
    * 1ª Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA1) = AACR1 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1st Edition).
    * 2ª Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA2) = AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 2nd Edition).
    * área de edición = edition area.
    * edición abreviada = abridged edition.
    * edición aldina = Aldine edition.
    * edición ampliada = extended edition.
    * edición barata = paperback, trade paperback.
    * edición bilingüe = parallel-text edition, parallel edition.
    * edición cara = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición científica = scholarly publishing, academic publishing.
    * edición comercial = trade publishing.
    * edición completa = full edition, back run [backrun].
    * edición conjunta = joint issue.
    * edición corregida = corrected edition.
    * edición crítica = critical edition.
    * edición de autor = self-publishing.
    * edición de coleccionista = collector's edition.
    * edición de libros = book publishing.
    * edición de lujo = de luxe edition, luxury edition.
    * edición de obras científicas = scholarly publishing.
    * edición de obras de consumo = consumer publishing.
    * edición de publicaciones a medida = custom publishing, derivative publishing.
    * edición de publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * edición de revistas electrónicas = electronic journal publishing.
    * edición de tiradas cortas = short run publishing.
    * edición diamante = miniature edition.
    * edición electrónica = electronic publishing (e-publishing).
    * edición en cartoné = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en cubierta dura = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en disco compacto = cd edition, compact disc edition.
    * edición en Internet = Web publishing.
    * edición en línea = online editing.
    * edición en microforma = microform edition, microformat edition.
    * edición en papel coloreado = coloured-paper issue.
    * edición en rústica = paperback, paperbound publishing, trade paperback.
    * edición en tapa = hardback, hardbound, hardcover.
    * edición en tapas duras = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en tela = hardcover edition, hardcover.
    * edición especial = special issue.
    * edición especializada para profesionales = professional publishing.
    * edición facsímil = facsimile reproduction.
    * edición liliputiense = miniature edition.
    * edición limitada = limited edition.
    * edición media = medium edition.
    * edición microscópica = miniature edition.
    * edición miniatura = miniature edition.
    * edición multicolor = rainbow edition.
    * edición óptica = optical publishing.
    * edición original = original edition.
    * edición para bibliotecas = library edition.
    * edición para coleccionistas = collector's edition.
    * edición paralela = parallel-text edition.
    * edición póstuma = posthumous edition.
    * edición preliminar = advance.
    * edición preliminar electrónica = e-print [eprint].
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * edición revisada = revised edition.
    * edición según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * edición web = WWW edition.
    * específico de la edición = edition-specific.
    * específico para cada edición = edition-specific.
    * explosión de la edición, la = publishing explosion, the.
    * fecha de edición = edition date.
    * funciones de edición = editing facilities.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * mención de edición = edition statement, statement of edition.
    * mención de responsabilidad de la edición = imprint.
    * microedición = micropublishing.
    * nota de edición = edition note.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * paquete de edición de texto = editing package.
    * pliego de la edición = edition sheet.
    * programa de edición de texto = editor.
    * reedición = republication [re-publication].
    * sector de la edición, el = publishing sector, the.
    * segunda edición = 2nd edition, second edition.
    * * *
    1) (Impr, Period) ( tirada) edition; ( acción) publication
    2) (Rad, TV) program*, edition
    3) (frml) (de certamen, curso)
    * * *
    = edition, issue, publishing, release, issuance.

    Ex: An edition is all those copies of an item either produced from substantially the same type image or embodying essentially the same content and issued by the same entity.

    Ex: An issue is all those copies of an edition forming a distinct group that is distinguished from other copies of the edition by more or less slight but well-defined variations.
    Ex: It embodied programmes in secretarial studies, publishing, office management and graphic design.
    Ex: New releases of existing products should often be considered to be unproven.
    Ex: The date of publication must be inferred from the date of issuance or coverage on a periodical.
    * 1ª Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA1) = AACR1 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1st Edition).
    * 2ª Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA2) = AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 2nd Edition).
    * área de edición = edition area.
    * edición abreviada = abridged edition.
    * edición aldina = Aldine edition.
    * edición ampliada = extended edition.
    * edición barata = paperback, trade paperback.
    * edición bilingüe = parallel-text edition, parallel edition.
    * edición cara = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición científica = scholarly publishing, academic publishing.
    * edición comercial = trade publishing.
    * edición completa = full edition, back run [backrun].
    * edición conjunta = joint issue.
    * edición corregida = corrected edition.
    * edición crítica = critical edition.
    * edición de autor = self-publishing.
    * edición de coleccionista = collector's edition.
    * edición de libros = book publishing.
    * edición de lujo = de luxe edition, luxury edition.
    * edición de obras científicas = scholarly publishing.
    * edición de obras de consumo = consumer publishing.
    * edición de publicaciones a medida = custom publishing, derivative publishing.
    * edición de publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * edición de revistas electrónicas = electronic journal publishing.
    * edición de tiradas cortas = short run publishing.
    * edición diamante = miniature edition.
    * edición electrónica = electronic publishing (e-publishing).
    * edición en cartoné = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en cubierta dura = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en disco compacto = cd edition, compact disc edition.
    * edición en Internet = Web publishing.
    * edición en línea = online editing.
    * edición en microforma = microform edition, microformat edition.
    * edición en papel coloreado = coloured-paper issue.
    * edición en rústica = paperback, paperbound publishing, trade paperback.
    * edición en tapa = hardback, hardbound, hardcover.
    * edición en tapas duras = hardback, hardcover.
    * edición en tela = hardcover edition, hardcover.
    * edición especial = special issue.
    * edición especializada para profesionales = professional publishing.
    * edición facsímil = facsimile reproduction.
    * edición liliputiense = miniature edition.
    * edición limitada = limited edition.
    * edición media = medium edition.
    * edición microscópica = miniature edition.
    * edición miniatura = miniature edition.
    * edición multicolor = rainbow edition.
    * edición óptica = optical publishing.
    * edición original = original edition.
    * edición para bibliotecas = library edition.
    * edición para coleccionistas = collector's edition.
    * edición paralela = parallel-text edition.
    * edición póstuma = posthumous edition.
    * edición preliminar = advance.
    * edición preliminar electrónica = e-print [eprint].
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * edición revisada = revised edition.
    * edición según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * edición web = WWW edition.
    * específico de la edición = edition-specific.
    * específico para cada edición = edition-specific.
    * explosión de la edición, la = publishing explosion, the.
    * fecha de edición = edition date.
    * funciones de edición = editing facilities.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * mención de edición = edition statement, statement of edition.
    * mención de responsabilidad de la edición = imprint.
    * microedición = micropublishing.
    * nota de edición = edition note.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * paquete de edición de texto = editing package.
    * pliego de la edición = edition sheet.
    * programa de edición de texto = editor.
    * reedición = republication [re-publication].
    * sector de la edición, el = publishing sector, the.
    * segunda edición = 2nd edition, second edition.

    * * *
    A ( Impr, Period) (tirada) edition; (acción) publication
    acaba de salir una nueva edición a new edition has just been published
    preparó la edición de las obras completas de Anadón she edited Anadón's complete works
    Ediciones Rivera Rivera Publications
    al cerrar la edición nos llegó la noticia del incendio the news of the fire arrived as we were going to press
    Compuestos:
    annotated edition
    pocket edition
    desktop publishing
    print edition
    limited edition
    limited edition
    first edition
    B ( Rad, TV) program*, edition
    C ( frml)
    (de un certamen, curso): la presente edición del festival de San Sebastián this year's San Sebastián festival
    la cuarta edición del Trofeo Carranza the fourth Carranza Trophy
    la tercera edición de estos cursos de formación the third series o round of these training courses
    * * *

    edición sustantivo femenino
    1 (Impr, Period) ( tirada) edition;
    ( acción) publication;

    Ediciones Rivera Rivera Publications
    2 (Rad, TV) program( conjugate program), edition
    edición sustantivo femenino
    1 (de un libro, cartel) publication: es una nueva edición de su primera novela, it's a new edition of her first novel
    (de sellos) issue
    2 (ejemplares) edition
    edición agotada, edition sold out
    una edición de mil ejemplares, a run of one thousand copies
    3 (de un torneo, festival, etc) participará en la próxima edición de los Juegos Olímpicos, she will compete in the next Olympic Games
    ' edición' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ed.
    - editor
    - editora
    - escolio
    - extraordinaria
    - extraordinario
    - facsímil
    - ir
    - impresión
    - secuestrar
    - secuestro
    - tapa
    - agotado
    - agotar
    - extra
    - limitado
    - moderno
    - revisar
    - rústica
    English:
    bowdlerize
    - edition
    - extra
    - hardback
    - impression
    - paperback
    - printing
    - special
    - abridge
    - desktop
    - revision
    * * *
    1. [acción de publicar] publication;
    Ediciones Herrero Herrero Publications;
    edición (a cargo) de Jorge Urrutia [en libro] edited by Jorge Urrutia
    la edición electrónica electronic publishing
    2. [ejemplares publicados] edition;
    una edición de dos mil ejemplares an edition of two thousand copies;
    nueva edición revisada y ampliada new edition revised and enlarged
    edición abreviada abridged edition;
    edición anotada annotated edition;
    edición de bolsillo pocket edition;
    edición crítica critical edition;
    edición electrónica electronic edition;
    edición extraordinaria special edition;
    edición facsímil facsimile edition;
    edición limitada limited edition;
    edición de lujo deluxe edition;
    edición pirata pirate edition;
    edición príncipe first edition
    3. Informát editing
    4. [de programa]
    la primera/segunda edición del telediario ≈ the first/second news bulletin
    5. [celebración periódica]
    la edición de los Oscars/del Mundial de 2002 the 2002 Oscars/World Cup;
    los cursos de verano cumplen su vigésima edición the summer courses are now in their twentieth year
    * * *
    f edition
    * * *
    edición nf, pl - ciones
    1) : edition
    2) : publication, publishing
    * * *
    1. (en general) edition
    2. (publicación) publication
    3. (concurso, festival, etc)

    Spanish-English dictionary > edición

  • 4 отношение

    1. (гледище, становище) attitude
    правилно отношение the proper attitude ( към to)
    имам отношение have an opinion (по on)
    имам правилно отношение към have the right attitude toward
    имам определено отношение по даден въпрос feel strongly about/on a matter
    вземам отношение take a stand (no on), take up a position (on)/an attitude (towards)
    възприемам критично отношение към take up/assume a critical attitude towards
    имам погрешно отношение към take a wrong attitude to
    2. (връзка) relation, relationship. bearing
    това няма никакво отношение към въпроса this has no relation to/bearing on the subject, this is irrelevant
    търговски отношения trade relations, business dealings
    в добри отношения съм с be on good terms with, stand well with
    поддържам добри отношения, не си развалям отношенията с keep in with
    в добри/лоши отношения съм с be on good/bad terms with
    в свойски/интимни отношения съм с be on intimate/familiar terms with, be hail-fellow-well-met with
    3. (отнасяне, държане) treatment ( към of) behaviour (to)
    (подход) approach (to)
    4. (насока, страна) respect
    no отношение на as regards, regarding, with respect/regard to; in/with relation to, in reference to, in the case of
    в известно отношение in a way, in a (certain) sense, in some sort
    във всяко отношение in every respect; in all respects
    5. мат. ratio
    * * *
    отношѐние,
    ср., -я 1. ( гледище, становище) attitude (to, toward); вземам \отношениее take a stand (по on), take up a position (on)/an attitude (towards); имам критично \отношениее към take up/assume a critical attitude towards; имам определено \отношениее по ( даден въпрос) feel strongly about/on, feel deeply about; имам \отношениее have an opinion (по on);
    2. ( връзка) relation (с to), relationship, bearing (on); брачни \отношениея marital relations; в добри \отношениея съм с be on good terms with, stand well with; в свойски/интимни \отношениея съм с be on intimate/familiar terms with, be hail-fellow-well-met with; законът няма \отношениее към случая the law doesn’t touch the case; \отношениея между родители и деца parent-child relations; \отношениея между ученици и учители pupil-teacher relationship; поддържам добри \отношениея, не развалям \отношениеята си с keep in with; производствени \отношениея relations of production; развалям \отношениея break a relationship; това няма никакво \отношениее към this is beside the point; търговски \отношениея trade relations, business dealings; установявам дипломатически \отношениея establish diplomatic relations; честни/открити \отношениея plain dealings;
    3. ( отнасяне, държане) treatment ( към of) behaviour (to); ( подход) approach (to); не очаквах от вас подобно \отношениее I did not expect such a treatment at your hands;
    4. ( насока, страна) respect; в едно или друго \отношениее one way or the other; в известно \отношениее in a way, in a (certain) sense, in some sort; във всички по-важни \отношениея substantially; във всяко друго \отношениее for the rest; нехаен по \отношениее на careless of; по \отношениее на as regards, regarding, with respect/regard to; in/with relation to, in reference to, in the case of; само в това \отношениее in this one respect;
    5. мат. ratio.
    * * *
    attitude (становище); contact{`kOntEkt}; deal; dealing; feeling; proportion; respect{ris`pekt}: I have something to say in this отношение. - Имам какво да кажа в това отношение.; regard; relation (връзка): This has no отношение to the subject. - Това няма отношение към въпроса.; relationship (връзка): There are bad отношениеs between the father and the son. - Между бащата и синът отношенията са лоши.;
    * * *
    1. (връзка) relation, relationship. bearing 2. (гледище, становище) attitude 3. (насока, страна) respect 4. (отнасяне, държане) treatment (към of) behaviour (to) 5. (подход) approach (to) 6. no ОТНОШЕНИЕ на as regards, regarding, with respect/ regard to;in/with relation to, in reference to, in the case of 7. брачни отношения marital relations 8. в добри отношения съм с be on good terms with, stand well with 9. в добри/лоши отношения cъм c be on gоod/bad terms with 10. в едно или друго ОТНОШЕНИЕ one way or the other 11. в известно ОТНОШЕНИЕ in a way, in a (certain) sense, in some sort 12. в най-добри отношения съм с be on the best (of) terms with 13. в свойски/интимни отношения съм с be on intimate/familiar terms with, be hail-fellow-well-met with 14. в това ОТНОШЕНИЕ in this respect 15. вземам ОТНОШЕНИЕ take a stand (no on), take up a position (on)/ an attitude (towards) 16. във всички по-важни отношения substantially 17. във всяко ОТНОШЕНИЕ in every respect;in all respects 18. във всяко друго ОТНОШЕНИЕ for the rest 19. възприемам критично ОТНОШЕНИЕ към take up/assume a critical attitude towards 20. имам ОТНОШЕНИЕ have an opinion (пo on) 21. имам напълно определено ОТНОШЕНИЕ feel deeply about 22. имам определено ОТНОШЕНИЕ по даден въпрос feel strongly about/on a matter 23. имам погрешно ОТНОШЕНИЕ към take a wrong attitude to 24. имам правилно ОТНОШЕНИЕ към have the right attitude toward 25. мат. ratio 26. нехаен no ОТНОШЕНИЕ на careless of 27. отношения между народи relations between nations 28. отношения между ученици и учители a pupil-teacher relationship 29. поддържам добри отношения, не си развалям отношенията с keep in with 30. правилно ОТНОШЕНИЕ the proper attitude (към to) 31. производствени отношения relations of production 32. развалям отношения break a relationship 33. само в това ОТНОШЕНИЕ in this one respect 34. това няма никакво ОТНОШЕНИЕ към въпроса this has no relation to/bearing on the subject, this is irrelevant 35. търговски отношения trade relations, business dealings 36. установявам дипломатически отношения с establish diplomatic relations with

    Български-английски речник > отношение

  • 5 Riley, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1840 Halifax, England
    d. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England
    [br]
    English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.
    [br]
    After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.
    In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).
    At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.
    The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.
    In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.
    Bibliography
    1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.
    1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.
    1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).
    27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.
    27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.
    1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.
    Further Reading
    A.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8.
    "Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).
    J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Riley, James

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